---
title: 理解土壤pH值：重要性与影响
description: 土壤pH值指的是土壤的酸碱度，主要由土壤中氢离子(H⁺)和氢氧根离子(OH⁻) 的活性而测量。H⁺和OH⁻的数量相等时，溶液呈中性，因此，由于水含有等量的这两种离子，它的pH值为7，属于中性。
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---

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# Articles

二月 2025

# 理解土壤pH值：重要性与影响

在农业领域，"土壤pH值" 这一术语经常被提及，特别是在植物营养方面。那么，究竟什么是土壤 pH 值？为什么它对作物生长如此重要？让我们一探究竟！

 

**什么是土壤pH值？**

土壤pH值指的是土壤的酸碱度，主要由土壤中氢离子(H⁺)和氢氧根离子(OH⁻) 的活性而测量。H⁺和OH⁻的数量相等时，溶液呈中性，因此，由于水含有等量的这两种离子，它的pH值为7，属于中性。pH值的测量范围为0至14，低于7的土壤为酸性，高于7的土壤为碱性（或称为碱性土壤）。

 

**为什么土壤pH值很重要？**

土壤pH值被称为衡量土壤健康的“主变量”，它是支持土壤生态过程的关键指标。在农业领域，土壤pH值会影响养分吸收和土壤肥力，因为它控制养分循环、微生物活动和有机物降解等过程，决定土壤的养分供应。通过适当的土壤管理，例如合理使用土壤改良剂、化肥和灌溉，可以优化养分的供应与吸收，从而促进植物健康和作物产量。

 

**土壤 pH 值如何影响养分的可利用率？**

**![unnamed (7)](https://blog.agrobridge.com.my/hs-fs/hubfs/unnamed%20(7).png?width=242&height=383&name=unnamed%20(7).png)**

**图1：**吸附在小型黏土颗粒上的阳离子养分与H⁺离子交换 (Hopkins & Hüner, 2008).

土壤中的养分以阳离子和阴离子的形式存在，并吸附在细小的土壤颗粒上。这些被吸附的养分可以相互交换。例如，在图1中，一个Ca²⁺离子可以被两个H⁺离子交换出去。作物利用这交换过程获取所需的养分 —— 它们会向土壤中释放H⁺和OH⁻离子，以换取所需的养分。土壤 pH 值控制着哪些养分被吸附在土壤颗粒上，以及哪些养分可以被作物吸收。不同的pH范围会影响不同养分的利用率。因此，即使施放了足够的养分，如果土壤pH值不适宜，这些养分可能仍然无法被作物吸收，从而导致作物缺少养分。

 

**最佳土壤pH值是多少？**

一般来说，最适合作物整体养分吸收的土壤pH范围是5.5至6.5。这一范围综合考量了不同养分的最佳吸收 pH 值以及不同作物的生长需求。每种养分会在特定pH范围内最容易被吸收。例如，主要养分（如氮N、磷P、钾K）通常在接近中性的条件下吸收较好，而金属微量元素（如铁Fe、锰Mn、锌Zn）则在酸性条件下更容易被吸收。此外，不同作物对养分的需求和适宜生长环境也各不相同——某些作物适应酸性土壤，而有些则不适应。因此，pH值5.5至6.5是一个相对平衡的范围，能够满足大多数作物的营养需求，同时也避免某些养分的吸收受阻。下图2显示了不同营养元素的最佳pH值吸收范围。

![unnamed (2)](https://blog.agrobridge.com.my/hs-fs/hubfs/unnamed%20(2).jpg?width=640&height=494&name=unnamed%20(2).jpg)

**图2：**土壤pH对养分供应的影响 (Roques et al., 2013).

**如果土壤pH值过高或过低会有什么反应？**

当土壤pH值超出5.5 – 6.5的范围时，会影响养分吸收，从而抑制作物生长。通常来说，土壤pH值过低（酸性）比过高（碱性）更常见，并且更严重。但无论如何，pH 值失衡都有可能导致养分缺乏或毒害。

*低pH值（土壤过酸）对作物的影响：*

低 pH 会增加铝 (Al) 和锰 (Mn) 的可溶性，使其浓度升高至毒害水平，导致植物根系生长受阻，影响养分吸收。过低的土壤pH值还会引起 钙 (Ca)、镁 (Mg)、钼 (Mo)、硼 (B)、硝态氮 (NO₃⁻-N) 和磷 (P) 等元素的缺乏。此外，低 pH 还会抑制有益微生物的生长，使有机物降解变慢，导致养分被困在未分解的有机物中，无法供作物利用。

*高pH值（土壤过碱）对作物的影响：*

过高的pH值会导致磷 (P)、铁 (Fe)、铜 (Cu)、锌 (Zn) 和硼 (B) 等养分的缺乏，进而引发微量元素缺乏症。

 

无论是土壤过酸还是过碱，都会导致 根系健康受损、养分供应受阻、养分毒害或缺乏，最终影响作物的生长和产量。

 

**结论**

只有充分理解土壤pH值的重要性,及其对作物健康和养分吸收的影响，才能采取适当的措施来管理土壤pH，并将其维持在最佳范围内以提高作物产量。那么，影响土壤pH值的因素有哪些？马来西亚的土壤pH状况如何？又该如何使用AgroBridge的产品AMICOTE来改善不理想的土壤 pH？ 敬请期待我们的下一篇文章！

 

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# References

Havlin, J., Tisdale, S.L., Nelson, W.L. and Beaton, J.D., 2016. *Soil Fertility and Fertilizers : An Introduction to Nutrient Management*. 8th ed. Tamil Nadu, India: Pearson.

Mosley, L.M., Rengasamy, P. and Fitzpatrick, R., 2024. Soil pH: Techniques, Challenges and Insights from a Global Dataset. *European Journal of Soil Science*, \[online\] 75(6). https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.70021.

Neina, D., 2019. The Role of Soil pH in Plant Nutrition and Soil Remediation. *Applied and Environmental Soil Science*, \[online\] 2019(5794869), pp.1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5794869.

Rengel, Z. (2011). Soil pH, Soil Health and Climate Change. In: Singh, B., Cowie, A., Chan, K. (eds) Soil Health and Climate Change. Soil Biology, vol 29. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20256-8\_4

Roques, S., Kendall, S., Smith, K., Newell Price, P. and Berry, P., 2013. *A Review of the non-NPKS Nutrient Requirements of UK Cereals Andoilseed Rape*. \[online\] United Kingdom: Agriculture & Horticulture Development Board. Available at: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277669269\_Review\_of\_the\_non-NPKS\_nutrient\_requirements\_of\_UK\_cereals\_and\_oilseed\_rape> \[Accessed 13 February 2025\].

USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2011. Soil Quality Indicators: Soil pH. *Soil Quality Indicators*. \[online\] Available at: <https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-10/soil\_ph.pdf> \[Accessed 13 February 2025\].

William Garret Hopkins and HünerN.P.A., 2009. *Introduction to Plant Physiology*. 4th ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Cop. 

 

 

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